Consenso de terminología en microscopia confocal de reflectancia en español mediante método Delphi / Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Terminology in Spanish: A Delphi Consensus Study

La terminología usada para describir los diferentes hallazgos en la microscopía confocal de reflectancia (MCR), tanto en lesiones melanocíticas, como en no melanocíticas se ha consensuado en inglés. En el presente trabajo, se proponen los términos en español que mejor interpretan estos conceptos ya descritos para la MCR, mediante el consenso de expertos de distintas nacionalidades de habla hispana y utilizando el método DELPHI para el acuerdo final. Se obtuvieron 52 términos en total, de los cuales 28 fueron para lesiones melanocíticas y 24 para lesiones no melanocíticas. El uso de la nomenclatura propuesta permitirá una homogeneización y mejor entendimiento de las estructuras; una descripción más estandarizada en los registros clínicos y una mejor interpretación de estos informes por otros dermatólogos.(AU)

The terminology used to describe reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) findings in both melanocytic and nonmelanocytic lesions has been standardized in English. We convened a panel of Spanish-speaking RCM experts and used the Delphi method to seek consensus on which Spanish terms best describe RCM findings in this setting. The experts agreed on 52 terms: 28 for melanocytic lesions and 24 for nonmelanocytic lesions. The resulting terminology will facilitate homogenization, leading to a better understanding of structures, more standardized descriptions in clinical registries, and easier interpretation of clinical reports exchanged between dermatologists.(AU)

[Translated article] Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Terminology in Spanish: A Delphi Consensus Study / Consenso de terminología en microscopia confocal de reflectancia en español mediante método Delphi

La terminología usada para describir los diferentes hallazgos en la microscopía confocal de reflectancia (MCR), tanto en lesiones melanocíticas, como en no melanocíticas se ha consensuado en inglés. En el presente trabajo, se proponen los términos en español que mejor interpretan estos conceptos ya descritos para la MCR, mediante el consenso de expertos de distintas nacionalidades de habla hispana y utilizando el método DELPHI para el acuerdo final. Se obtuvieron 52 términos en total, de los cuales 28 fueron para lesiones melanocíticas y 24 para lesiones no melanocíticas. El uso de la nomenclatura propuesta permitirá una homogeneización y mejor entendimiento de las estructuras; una descripción más estandarizada en los registros clínicos y una mejor interpretación de estos informes por otros dermatólogos.(AU)

The terminology used to describe reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) findings in both melanocytic and nonmelanocytic lesions has been standardized in English. We convened a panel of Spanish-speaking RCM experts and used the Delphi method to seek consensus on which Spanish terms best describe RCM findings in this setting. The experts agreed on 52 terms: 28 for melanocytic lesions and 24 for nonmelanocytic lesions. The resulting terminology will facilitate homogenization, leading to a better understanding of structures, more standardized descriptions in clinical registries, and easier interpretation of clinical reports exchanged between dermatologists.(AU)

Effect of oral exposure on chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphologic properties of clear orthodontic aligners

The dental industry is heavily committed to developing more esthetic solutions for orthodontic treatments. Invisalign is a system of transparent orthodontic aligners introduced as an alternative to conventional orthodontic fittings with brackets and metal wires. This study aimed to assess the chemical, physical, mechanical and morphologic changes in these polymeric aligners after exposure to the oral environment. Twenty-four Invisalign orthodontic aligners were equally divided into 2 groups: an in vivo aged group in which patients used aligners for 14 days and the reference group, unexposed to the oral environment. Different experimental techniques were used to study the chemical structure, the color changes and translucency, the density and subsequent volume of the aligners, mechanical properties, surface roughness, morphology and elemental composition. The data were subjected to several statistical analyses. Clear orthodontic aligners exhibit chemical stability but undergo a statistically significant optical change in color and translucency. There was a gradual increase in the water absorption rate and the dimensional variation of the polymer, indicating a strong correlation among these factors. The mechanical properties of the polymer showed a statistically significant decrease in its elastic modulus and hardness. There was a slight tendency toward increased surface roughness of the material, but no statistical differences were found between reference and aged groups. The surface morphology of the used aligners demonstrates microcracks, distortions and biofilm formation. Intraoral aging adversely affected the physical, mechanical, and morphologic properties of the Invisalign appliance.

Morfometría de la rama mandibular para la estimación del sexo y edad en una población adulta peruana 2014-2019 / Morphometry of the mandibular ramus for the estimation of sex and age in a peruvian adult population 2014-2019

Objetivo: Evaluar la precisión de la estimación del sexo y edad utilizando la morfometría de la rama mandibular mediante un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple incluyendo el ancho intercondilear, el ancho bigonial, la longitud coronoides, la longitud de la rama mandibular, la longitud del cóndilo, el ancho máximo de la rama mandibular y el ángulo goniaco en una población adulta peruana 2014-2019. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron 174 tomografías computarizadas de 18 a 60 años de edad y se analizaron las variables ancho intercondileo (AI), ancho bigonial (AB), longitud coronoides (LCr), longitud del cóndilo (LC), longitud de la rama mandibular (LRm), ancho máximo de la rama mandibular (AMRm) y ángulo goniaco (AG) del lado derecho de la mandíbula. Resultados: La prueba t de muestras independientes determinó que la mayor diferencia entre el sexo fue en la variable LC con 6.9225 mm, la función discriminante obtuvo una tasa de clasificación correcta del sexo con 82.7% y con el modelo de regresión logística múltiple se obtuvo una sensibilidad en el sexo femenino de 81.2%, una especificidad de 85.7%, el sexo masculino una sensibilidad de 85.7%, una especificidad de 81.2%, en la edad la correlación más alta fue en AG con -0.252. Conclusión: Los coeficientes más potentes fueron en LRm, AI y AB con 0.608, 0.606 y 0.604 respectivamente. La mayor diferencia se encontró en el ancho intercondilar con 9.3 mm entre los sexos, en general el porcentaje de precisión predictiva fue de 83.9% en una población egipcia muy parecido a este estudio. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the precision of the estimation of sex and age using the morphometry of the mandibular ramus through a multiple linear regression model including the intercondylar width, the bigonial width, the coronoid length, the length of the mandibular ramus, the length of the condyle, the maximum width of the mandibular ramus and the gonial angle in a Peruvian adult population 2014-2019. Material and methods: 174 computed tomography scans from 18 to 60 years of age were used and the variables intercondylar width (AI), bigonial width (AB), coronoid length (CLr), condyle length (LC), ramus length mandibular ramus (MRm), maximum width of the mandibular ramus (MRAm) and gonial angle (AG) of the right side of the mandible. Results: The independent samples t-test determined that the greatest difference between the sexes was in the LC variable with 6.9225 mm, the discriminant function obtained a correct classification rate of the sex with 82.7% and with the multiple logistic regression model a sensitivity in the female sex of 81.2%, a specificity of 85.7%, the male sex a sensitivity of 85.7%, a specificity of 81.2%, in age the highest correlation was in AG with -0.252. Discussion: The most powerful coefficients were in LRm, AI and AB with 0.608, 0.606 and 0.604 respectively. The greatest difference was found in the intercondylar width with 9.3 mm between the sexes, in general the percentage of predictive accuracy was 83.9% in an Egyptian population very similar to this study. (AU)

Tumores parotídeos: correlación entre estudios de imagen, punción aspiración con aguja fina y los hallazgos histopatológicos / [Parotid tumors: correlation between imaging studies, fine needle aspiration and histopathological findings]

Introducción y objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es establecer la rentabilidad del diagnóstico citológico mediante punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) y la utilidad del estudio de imagen preoperatoria en el manejo de masas parotídeas. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de una muestra de 142 pacientes con tumoración parotídea intervenidos por el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del HUPR en los últimos 10 años, con diagnóstico preoperatorio radiológico (ecografía, TC, RNM) y citológico, mediante PAAF. Los resultados de ambas pruebas se han clasificado como positivos o negativos para malignidad y se compararon con el diagnóstico anatomopatológico. Resultados: La edad media fue de 56 años, el 61,3% eran hombres. La PAAF presentó una sensibilidad para detectar malignidad del 75% y una especificidad del 100%; con valores predictivos positivo y negativo (VPN) de 100 y 97%, respectivamente. La sensibilidad del estudio radiológico fue de 25%, y la especificidad del 99%. El valor predictivo positivo para malignidad fue de 80%, y el valor predictivo negativo, de 89%. Conclusiones: La PAAF es una prueba sencilla, pero de utilidad limitada para la orientación diagnóstica debido a su baja sensibilidad y elevados falsos negativos; sin embargo, su alta especificidad y elevado VPN hacen de la misma una prueba con mayor precisión frente a un resultado benigno o negativo. El estudio radiológico previo es útil en el diagnóstico de extensión y características tumorales, aunque se ve limitado por sí solo en el diagnóstico diferencial de malignidad. La RM se ha convertido en la modalidad de imagen de elección. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Our aim is to establish the profitability of cytological diagnosis by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and the usefulness of preoperative imaging in the management of parotid masses. Method: A retrospective study of a sample of 142 patients with parotid tumors operated on by the HUPR Otorhinolaryngology Service in the last 10 years, with preoperative radiological (ultrasound, CT, MRI) and cytological diagnosis, by FNA, was carried out. The results of both tests have been classified as positive or negative for malignancy and were compared with the pathological diagnosis. Results: The average age was 56, 61.3% were men. FNA had a sensitivity to detect malignancy of 75% and a specificity of 100%; with positive and negative predictive values (NPV) of 100 and 97%, respectively. The sensitivity of the radiological study was 25%, and the specificity 99%. The positive predictive value for malignancy was 80%, and the negative predictive value was 89%. Conclusions: FNA is a simple test, but of limited utility for diagnostic orientation due to its low sensitivity and high false negatives; however, its high specificity and high NPV make it a more accurate test against a benign or negative result. The previous radiological study is useful in the diagnosis of tumor extension and characteristics, although it is limited by itself in the differential diagnosis of malignancy. MRI has become the imaging modality of choice. (AU)

Distrofia de membrana basal epitelial corneal: a propósito de un caso / Epithelial basement membrane corneal dystrophy: A case report

La distrofia de la membrana basal epitelial corneal es una entidad poco frecuente, que se presenta en forma de erosiones corneales de repetición debidas a una alteración en la unión del epitelio corneal a la membrana basal. Esta patología ha sido presentada en la literatura con un enfoque eminentemente oftalmológico, dejando en un segundo plano la anatomía patológica. El objetivo de este artículo es resaltar la imagen microscópica de esta patología a propósito de un caso, así como realizar una aproximación clínica y terapéutica de esta entidad.(AU)

Epithelial basement membrane corneal dystrophy is a rare entity, characterized by recurrent corneal erosions secondary to a disorder in the attachment of the corneal epithelium to the basement membrane. To date, mainly the ophthalmological aspect of cases has been reported, with little emphasis on the pathology of this lesion. Here we aim to describe the microscopy and discuss the clinical and therapeutic aspects of a case.(AU)

Caracterização morfológica e morfométrica de estágios larvares de Strongyloides spp, ancilostomídeos e Angiostrongylus spp: subsídios para identificação em amostras ambientais / Morphological and morphometric characterization of larval stages of Strongyloides spp, hookworms and Angiostrongylus spp: subsidies for identification in environmental samples

A identificação precisa de nematódeos de interesse médico-veterinário em amostras de solo ou alimentos é uma ação complexa, devido à grande diversidade de nematódeos no ambiente. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a caracterização morfológica e morfométrica de diferentes estágios larvários de ancilostomídeos, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides venezuelensis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis e Angiostrongylus costaricensis, e desenvolver um estudo de similaridade entre espécies do mesmo gênero, a fim de orientar o diagnóstico diferencial com os nematódeos ambientais. As larvas foram fixadas e diversos parâmetros corporais foram mensurados, para os quais foi realizada estatística descritiva e estudo de similaridade. Os resultados médios das larvas padrões foram compatíveis com os descritos para as espécies, com variabilidade em alguns parâmetros. S. stercoralis e S. venezuelensis demonstraram similaridade de 59% para L1 e 79% para L3, com maior diferenciação entre os grupos em relação à extremidade anterior e ao primórdio genital. No pool de larvas de ancilostomídeos, verificou-se uma grande variação nos parâmetros avaliados, especialmente quanto ao comprimento total do corpo. A. cantonensis e A. costaricensis apresentaram 48% de similaridade entre L1 e 76% para L3. Por meio da análise morfométrica e de similaridade verificou-se a possibilidade do aprimoramento do diagnóstico diferencial de nematódeos de origem ambiental. (AU)

Due to the enormous diversity of nematodes in the environment, identifying nematodes of medical and veterinary significance within soil or food samples can be challenging. To facilitate the differential diagnosis with environmental nematodes, this study aimed morphologically and morphometrically characterize various larval stages of hookworms, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides venezuelensis, Angiostrongylus cantonensi and Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Additionally, a similarity study was conducted among species within the same genus. The larvae were fixated and several body parameters were measured for the analysis, which included a comparison using descriptive statistics. Despite some parameter fluctuation, the average results for standard larvae were consistent with those of the respective species as a whole. The similarity between S. stercoralis and S. venezuelensis was 59% for L1 and 79% for L3, with more pronounced differences observed in the anterior extremity and the genital primordium. The examined parameters exhibited significant variation among the pool of hookworm larvae, particularly concerning the total length of the body. The similarities between A. cantonensis and A. costaricensis larvae ranged from 48% for L1 to 76% for L3. Analyses of morphometric and similarity data provided support for the potential improvement of differentiation between nematodes with environmental origins. This research contributes to enhancing the accuracy of identifying medically and veterinary relevant nematodes present in soil. (AU)

Análise imuno-histoquímica da Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) e sua influência sobre a proliferação celular e a apoptose em lesões odontogênicas epiteliais benignas / Immunohistochemical analysis of Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and its influence on cell proliferation and apoptosis in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions

Introdução: Os cistos e tumores odontogênicos são lesões que apresentam comportamento biológico heterogêneo e patogênese ainda não totalmente esclarecida. A Yes-associated protein (YAP) atua como um regulador transcricional de genes envolvidos na proliferação celular e na apoptose, participando da ativação de vias associadas ao crescimento cístico e à progressão neoplásica. Objetivo: Analisar a expressão imuno-histoquímica da proteína YAP e correlacioná-la com marcadores envolvidos na proliferação celular e na apoptose em lesões odontogênicas epiteliais benignas. Metodologia: A amostra consistiu de 95 casos de lesões odontogênicas - 25 cistos dentígeros (CDs), 30 CO não sindrômicos (COs), 30 AMB convencionais (AMB-Cs) e 10 AMB unicísticos (AMB-Us) -, além de 10 espécimes de folículo dentários (FD). Foi realizada coleta dos dados clinico-demográficos dos casos, bem como análise morfológica para melhor caracterização da amostra. Os cortes histológicos foram submetidos à técnica imuno-histoquímica através da utilização dos anticorpos YAP, ciclina D1, Ki-67 e Bcl-2, e a análise da expressão destes foi realizada quali-quantitativamente, mediante metodologia adaptada. Os dados coletados seguiram para análise descritiva e estatística (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Houve discreta predileção por mulheres (n = 55; 57,6%) e por indivíduos na faixa etária dos 21 aos 40 anos (n = 50; 47,6%), sendo a região posterior de mandíbula mais afetada (64%). A análise da imunoexpressão de YAP revelou maiores níveis de expressão em COs, especialmente nas camadas basal e parabasal, seguido dos AMB-Us e AMB-Cs, que demonstraram moderada imunorreatividade, predominantemente nas células periféricas. Além disso, houve diferenças significativas quanto à imunoexpressão de YAP entre os grupos analisados, com existência de correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas entre YAP e ciclina D1 em CDs e AMB-Us, e entre YAP e Ki-67 em AMB-Us (p < 0,05). Todavia, entre a imunoexpressão YAP e Bcl-2, foi verificada ausência de correlação estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: A YAP pode exercer influência sobre a proliferação celular do epitélio de cistos e tumores odontogênicos, auxiliando, assim, na progressão das diferentes lesões odontogênicas (AU).

Background: Odontogenic cysts and tumors present heterogeneous biological behavior, and their etiopathogenesis is not fully understood yet. Yes-associated protein (YAP) acts as a transcriptional regulator of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, activating pathways associated with cystic growth and neoplastic progression. Objective: To analyze the immunohistochemical expression of YAP protein and correlate it with markers involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions. Methods: The sample consisted of 95 cases of odontogenic lesions - 25 dentigerous cysts (DCs), 30 non-syndromic odontogenic keratocyst (OKCs), 30 conventional AMB (C-AMBs), and 10 unicystic AMB (UAMBs) -, in addition to 10 specimens of dental follicles (DF). Clinicodemographic data collection was carried out, as well as morphological analysis for better characterization of the sample. The histological sections were submitted to the immunohistochemical technique using YAP, cyclin D1, Ki-67, and Bcl-2 antibodies, and their immunoexpression analysis was performed qualitatively and quantitatively, through an adapted methodology. The collected data were submitted for descriptive and statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a slight predilection for women (n = 55; 57.6%) and individuals aged between 21 and 40 years (n = 50; 47.6%), with the posterior region of the mandible as the most affected site (64%). Analysis of YAP immunoexpression revealed higher expression levels in OKCs, especially in the basal and parabasal layers, followed by U-AMBs and C-AMBs, which showed moderate immunoreactivity, predominantly in peripheral cells. In addition, there were significant differences in YAP immunoexpression between the analyzed groups, with positive and statistically significant correlations between YAP and cyclin D1 in DCs and U-AMBs, and between YAP and Ki-67 in U-AMBs (p < 0.05). However, between YAP and Bcl-2 immunoexpression, there was no statistically significant correlation. Conclusions: YAP may influence on the cell proliferation of odontogenic cysts and tumors epithelium, thus helping with the progression of the different odontogenic lesions (AU) .

Estudio morfológico y morfométrico de la arteria hipogástrica aneurismática / Morphological and morpometric study of the aneurismatic hypogastric artery

El aneurisma de arteria hipogástrica se considera una patología clínica poco frecuente. En términos generales, se caracteriza porcursar de manera asintomática, tener un perfil etiológico degenerativo con base arteriosclerótica, presentando una mayor prevalencia de afectación en los hombres entre la sexta y sétima década de la vida. Su principal complicación es la ruptura, por eso cuandoalcanzan un determinado tamaño o en caso de dar clínica, existe una indicación quirúrgica. El tratamiento más empleado en el momento actual es el endovascular que requiere una adecuada planificación quirúrgica en base a datos morfológicos y morfométricos.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal aportar el perfil de estos datos, en base a los recogidos en los enfermos evaluados. (AU)

Hypogastric artery aneurysm is considered a rare clinical pathology. In general terms, it is characterized by being asymptomatic,having a degenerative aetiological profile with an arteriosclerotic base, presenting a higher prevalence of involvement in men between the sixth and seventh decades of life. Its main complication is rupture, so when they reach a certain size or in case of symptoms, there is a surgical indication. The most widely used treatment at the present time is endovascular treatment, which requiresadequate surgical planning based on morphological and morphometric data. The main objective of this work is to provide theprofile of these data, based on those collected from the evaluated patients. (AU)

Morfología de los aneurismas aislados de la aorta descendente. Estudio morfométrico / Morphology of isolated aneurysms of the descending aorta. Morpometric study

Se presenta un trabajo descriptivo y retrospectivo de la valoración de los aneurismas de aorta descendente, con criterio de indicación terapéutica quirúrgica, con el fin de evaluar diferentes datos demográficos, como la edad, el sexo, factores de riesgo, morfologíade los aneurismas y los datos del principal objetivo del estudio en lo que respecta a la morfometría tanto la longitud del aneurisma,su diámetro, el grosor del trombo y diámetro del cuello y longitud proximal y distal. Estos datos no son aportados en la bibliografíapor lo que consideramos que disponer de los mismos desde el punto de vista estadístico supone una aportación en lo que se refierea la planificación operatoria de los aneurismas de aorta torácica descendente, zona del vaso donde se ha centrado el estudio, ala vez que puede indicar las medidas más frecuentes de endoprótesis que se van a requerir más frecuentemente en el tratamientoendovascular de este tipo de patología. (AU)

A descriptive and retrospective study of the evaluation of aneurysms of the descending aorta is presented, with surgical therapeuticindication criteria, in order to evaluate different demographic data, such as age, sex, risk factors, morphology of the aneurysms andthe data from the main objective of the study with regard to morphometry, both the length of the aneurysm, its diameter, the thickness of the thrombus and diameter of the neck and proximal and distal length. These data are not provided in the literature, so weconsider that having them from a statistical point of view represents a contribution in terms of surgical planning of aneurysms of thedescending thoracic aorta, the area of the vessel where the focus has been the study, at the same time that it can indicate the mostfrequent measures of endoprosthesis that will be required more frequently in the endovascular treatment of this type of pathology. (AU)

Hallazgos pulmonares en un caso de muerte inesperada por infección de COVID-19 / Pulmonary findings in an unexpected COVID-19 death

El nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha causado miles de muertes alrededor del mundo. La mayoría de los fallecimientos ocurren en instalaciones sanitarias; sin embargo, un número indeterminado de enfermos fallecen de manera súbita, inesperada o repentina en diversos lugares y representan casos de interés médico legal. Compartimos los hallazgos del estudio microscópico de muestras de pulmón de un caso de muerte inesperada de un paciente positivo por COVID-19 que permanecía en aislamiento domiciliario. Nuestras observaciones corroboran la endotelialitis, trombosis y angiogénesis como distintivos de la patología pulmonar de esta nueva enfermedad, hallazgos con implicaciones clínicas y terapéuticas

The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has caused thousands of deaths around the world. Most deaths occur in healthcare facilities. However, an undetermined number of patients die suddenly, unexpectedly in a variety of places and are cases of medical legal interest. We share the findings of the microscopic study of lung samples from a COVID-19 positive patient who died unexpectedly at home in quarantine. Our observations confirm endothelialitis, thrombosis and angiogenesis as microscopic hallmarks of the lung pathology of this new disease. These findings have clinical and therapeutic implications

Blunt-chest-trauma-induced acute myocardial infarction

Blunt chest trauma (BCT) is one of the rarest causes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This paper reports the case of a young married man who suffered from AMI due to BCT sustained in a fight with his wife. The histopathology examination revealed a rupture of atherosclerotic plaque with superimposed thrombus in the proximal left anterior descending artery. This report also reviews previously reported BCT-induced AMI cases in the literature.

Análisis morfológico de rugosidades palatinas en una población costarricense / Morphological analysis of palatal rugae pattern in Costa Rican population

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer los patrones morfológicos presentes en las rugosidades palatinas de una población costarricense mediante el método de Trobo y efectuar un análisis estadístico con las variables de sexo, edad y afinidad biológica. Se eligiron al azar 70 pacientes a los que se realizaron impresiones y modelos dentales superiores, se documentó el sexo, edad y afinidad biológica de cada uno, junto con el consentimiento informado. Se analizó estadísticamente la distribución de patrones de género, edad y afinidad biológica. Las técnicas para el análisis de la información fueron las distribuciones de frecuencia, cruce de variables, comparación de medias con base en el análisis de variancia, coeficiente de correlación de Spearman; pruebas de Chi cuadrado, para evaluar la independencia entre las características de edad y sexo. Estas pruebas señalan un predominio de tipos de rugas palatinas rectas y de tipo simples tanto en la población masculina como femenina, sin encontrarse variación en el número de rugas asociadas a sexo o afinidad biológica; pero sí se determinó diferencia por grupo de edad, disminuyen en número conforme se incrementa la edad. Por otra parte no se presentó dimorfismo por sexo, lateralidad ni posición.

Abstract The present study aimed to establish the morphological patterns present in the palatal rugae in a Costa Rican population by means of the Trobo method and to carry out a statistical analysis with the variables of sex, age and biological affinity. Seventy patients were randomly chosen to whom impressions and superior dental models were made, the sex, age and biological affinity of each one was documented, together with the informed consent. The distribution of gender, age and biological affinity patterns was statistically analyzed. The techniques for the analysis of the information were the frequency distributions, crossing of variables, comparison of means based on the analysis of variance, Spearman's correlation coefficient; Chi square tests, to evaluate the independence between the characteristics of age and sex. These tests indicate a predominance of straight and simple types of palatal rugae in both the male and female population, with no variation in the number of rugae associated with sex or biological affinity; but a difference was determined by age group, they decrease in number as age increases. On the other hand, there was no dimorphism due to sex, laterality or position.

Peculiarities of Morphology of Large Salivary Glands in Experimental Animals Under Different Conditions of Motor Activity of Their Mothers During Pregnancy

Objective: To evaluate of the microstructure of the salivary glands of experimental animals born from of females rats, who were subjected to different modes of motor activity during the pregnancy: limited and compensated by regular moderate training. Material and Methods: The sample was composed 84 three-month-old descendants of Wistar rats which were divided into three groups: G1 (n = 27): posterity of female rats, who during gestation were in standard conditions; G2 (n = 25): posterity of female rats, who during pregnancy were in hypokinesia conditions; G3 (n = 32): which stayed in conditions of hypokinesia, but had running load in running wheel regularly 5 times a week. Results: In adult descendants of G2, morphological structure of the submandibular salivary glands was characterized by decrease size and number of glandular cells; reduction of their cytoplasm; increase in heterochromatin amount and decrease in the intensity of fuchsinophilia. Microstructure of the submandibular salivary glands of the offspring of G3 indicates positive effect of regular short-term physical activity on the morphofunctional state of the specified glands. An increased number of tissue basophils in their stroma is also in favor of greater functional activity of salivary glands. Conclusion: This study indicates deceleration of the metabolic processes in salivary glands of animals under the influence of hypokinesia of their mothers during pregnancy. It was also confirmed that regular physical activity completely eliminates the negative effect of mothers' hypokinesia on morphology the salivary glands of the descendant.

Células del cuello uterino con atipias que no descartan una lesión de alto grado (ASC-H) con premalignidad / Cervical atypical cells-cannot exclude a premalignant high-grade lesion (ASC-H)

Introducción: la presencia de células escamosas con atipias que no descartan una lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado (ASC-H) es significativa, pues cerca de 50% podrían corresponder a una lesión premaligna del cérvix uterino. Objetivo: describir las alteraciones citomorfológicas más frecuentes en los extendidos citológicos categorizados como células escamosas con atipias que no descartan una lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado (ASC-H), con existencia de lesión clínicamente significativa en el resultado histopatológico. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo en el laboratorio de citología de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes y Clínica de Prevención del Cáncer de la Sociedad Anticancerosa, Mérida-Venezuela, de los casos analizados entre enero 2010 y diciembre 2016 con resultados citológicos cervicales ASC-H. Resultados: 35,8% (19/53) de los casos presentaron un resultado histopatológico anormal: 22,6% solo infección por HPV y 13,2% una lesión premaligna (CIN) combinada con infección por HPV. El 73,7% con CIN y/o HPV presentó células metaplásicas inmaduras atípicas con hipercromasia (78,6%), anisocariosis (100%), cromatina y membrana irregular (92,9%), sobre fondo de frotis no inflamatorio. Conclusiones: las alteraciones citomorfológicas más frecuentes en los extendidos citológicos de cuello uterino categorizadas como ASC-H y significativamente asociadas con lesión en el resultado histopatológico fueron: anisocariosis, hipercromasia, cromatina y membrana nuclear irregular, sobre un fondo de frotis limpio. Las mismas atipias fueron comunes en los grupos con CIN 1, 2 o 3 y/o HPV, con diferencias estadísticas significativas (p<0,05).

Introduction: the presence of atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) is significant, for approximately 50% could correspond to a cervix premalignant lesion. Objective: to describe the most frequent cytomorphological alterations on cervical cytology categorized as ASC-H, associated with a clinically significant histologically proven lesion. Methodology: this was a retrospective study performed at the cytology laboratory of the School of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis of Andes University and the Cancer Prevention Clinic of the Anti-Cancer Society in Merida-Venezuela, on cases with an ASC-H result on cervical cytology, analyzed between January 2010 and December 2016. Results: abnormal histopathological results were found in 35.8% (19/53) of cases: 22.6% had only an infection by HPV and 13.2% a premalignant lesion (CIN) combined with a HPV infection. 73.7% with CIN and/or HPV presented atypical immature metaplastic cells with hyperchromasia (78%), anisokaryosis (100%), and irregular nuclear membrane chromatin (92.9%), on a non-inflammatory background. Conclusions: the most frequent cytomorphological alterations on cervical cytology categorized as ASC-H associated with a significant histologically proven lesion were: anisokaryosis, hyperchromasia and irregular nuclear membrane chromatin, on a clean background. The same atypical cells were common in the CIN 1, 2 or 3 and/or HPV groups, showing statistical significant differences (p<0.05).

Ecología trófica y rasgos ecomorfológicos del pez Triportheus magdalenae (Characiformes: Triportheidae) en el embalse El Guájaro, río Magdalena, Colombia / Trophic ecology and ecomorphological traits of the fish Triportheus magdalenae (Characiformes: Triportheidae) in the El Guájaro reservoir, Magdalena River, Colombia

Resumen Este estudio integró las características ecomorfológicas y la ecología trófica de Triportheus magdalenae en el embalse El Guájaro, Atlántico, bajo Magdalena, Colombia, a partir del análisis del contenido estomacal y rasgos ecomorfológicos. Se realizaron cinco muestreos entre septiembre 2014 y febrero 2016 para abarcar cada momento del pulso de inundación. La recolecta de los peces fue a través de artes de pesca tradicional como atarrayas y redes de arrastre. Se utilizó el índice alimentario (IAi %) para establecer los hábitos alimentarios de la especie, y la variación de la dieta a nivel interespecífico, y se usó el coeficiente de vacuidad (CV %). Se emplearon los índices de Levins Estandarizado por Hurlbert (BA) e índice de Morisita Simplificado para evaluar la amplitud y similitud trófica entre tallas, sexo y momentos hidrológicos. Se caracterizó las estructuras bucofaríngeas y el tracto digestivo, que junto con medidas morfológicas permitieron establecer y analizar 11 rasgos ecomorfológicos relacionados con el uso del hábitat como posición en la columna de agua y la explotación del recurso trófico. Se analizó la relación entre los rasgos ecomorfológicos con la dieta de la especie, por medio de un análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC). Se analizaron 89 ejemplares (34-190 mm LE). T. magdalenae fue catalogado como carnívoro-zooplanctófago, con un estrecho nicho trófico (BA = 0.12). Se evidenció una alta explotación de los organismos del zooplancton (95.9 IAi %), intensivamente Cladócera (Ceriodaphnia sp.) y Copépoda (Notodiaptomus sp. y Thermocyclops sp), los juveniles (34-190 mm LE) consumieron intensamente los insectos alóctonos (3.4 IAi %). Los rasgos que más aportan a la especialización trófica fueron la longitud relativa de las branquiespinas y el número de branquiespinas, los cuales varían significativamente entre tallas, ya que aumentan en número como en longitud conforme los individuos crecen. El coeficiente de vacuidad fue alto del 54 %, lo cual pudo estar asociado con la disminución en la densidad de las poblaciones de zooplancton, especialmente durante el momento de aguas mínimas fuertemente influenciado por el evento El Niño, sin embargo la dieta observada (22 ítems alimentarios) correspondió al 80 % de la dieta estimada (28 ítems alimentarios estimados).

Abstract This study integrated morphological characteristics and trophic ecology of Triportheus magdalenae in the El Guájaro reservoir, Atlántico, lower Magdalena River Basin, Colombia, based on the analysis of stomach contents and ecomorphological attributes. Five samplings were made between September 2014 and February 2016 considering each phase of the flood pulse. The fish were sampled using traditional fishing gear such as nets and trawls. The index of food importance (IAi %) was used to establish the dietary habits of the species, and the variation of the diet at interspecific level, and the vacuity coefficient (CV %) was also calculated. The Levins index standardized by Hurlbert (BA) was used to evaluate the amplitude between sizes, sex and hydrological phases. The oropharyngeal structures and the digestive tract were characterized, which together with morphological measurements, allowed and analyze 11 ecomorphological traits related to the use of habitat, such as position in the water column, and the exploitation of a particular trophic resource. The relationship between the ecomorphological traits and the diet of the species was analyzed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). We analyzed 89 individuals (34-124 mm SL). Triportheus magdalenae was classified as carnivore/zooplanktivore, and has a narrow trophic niche (BA = 0.12). Showed a high exploitation of zooplankton (95.9 % IAi), mostly Cladocera (Ceriodaphnia sp.) and Copepoda (Notodiaptomus sp. and Thermocyclops sp). The youngest juveniles (34-190 mm SL) also consumed allochthonous insects (3.4 % IAi). The ecomorphological traits that contributed the most to this trophic specialization were the relative length of the gillrakers (LRBE). The number of gillrakers (NBE), which varied significantly from the smaller to the larger ones, increase in both number as well as in length as individuals grow, which explains the strongly marked degree of specialization on zooplankton in adults, since they present a greater degree of efficiency in the process of filtering. The vacuity coefficient was high (54 %), which could be associated with a decrease in the density of zooplankton populations, especially during the time of lower waters strongly influenced by the El Niño event, however the observed diet (22 items food) corresponded to 80 % of the diet estimated (28 estimated food items). Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1208-1222. Epub 2018 September 01.

Cambios morfofuncionales en el periodoncio asociados al movimiento dentario por tratamiento ortodóncico / Morfofunctional changes in the periodontium associated to the teeth movement due to orthodontic treatment

Los cambios morfofuncionales que se producen en las estructuras de soporte dentario durante el movimiento ortodóncico involucran procesos bioquímicos, histológicos y fisiológicos. Desde hace más de un siglo, existen disímiles teorías que tratan de explicarlos; sin embargo, todavía se siguen realizando estudios a fin de comprenderlos más a fondo. En la presente comunicación se ofrece una actualización secuencial y resumida de dichos episodios, con el propósito de incrementar el nivel de conocimientos sobre el tema y mejorar la calidad en la atención ortodóncica.

Morfofunctional changes which take place in the supporting structures during the orthodontic movement involve biochemical, histological and physiologic processes. For more than one century, dissimilar theories exist that try to explain to them; however, studies are still being carried out in order to understand them thoroughly. In the present communication a sequential and summarized updating of these episodes, with the purpose of increasing the knowledge on the topic and improving the quality in the orthodontic care.

Clasificación morfológica de células endoteliales de venas del cordón umbilical humano en imágenes digitales de cultivos in vitro / Morphological classification of endothelial cells of veins from the human umbilical cord in digital images of in vitro cultures

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal desde julio hasta octubre de 2017, por especialistas de la Universidad de Oriente y de la Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brasil, para analizar desde el punto de vista morfológico células endoteliales de venas del cordón umbilical humano, presentes en imágenes digitales de cultivos in vitro 2D, tratadas con la β2GPI. Se propuso la clasificación supervisada celular considerando 3 clases: circulares, deformadas alargadas y deformadas poco alargadas, según los coeficientes de formas elíptico y circular, todo lo cual permitió identificar formas celulares relevantes. Para comparar los resultados de las muestras de control y las tratadas, se calcularon los intervalos de confianza para cada una de las clases, con un nivel de confianza de 95 por ciento. Se concluye que el análisis de las alteraciones morfológicas in vitro puede ser utilizada en cultivos 2D precoces (de 24 y 48 horas) para la cuantificación de la angiogénesis(AU)

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from July to October, 2017, by specialists of the Oriente University and the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to analyze from the morphological point of view endothelial cells of the human umbilical cord veins, which were present in digital images of 2D in vitro cultures, treated with the β2GPI. The cellular supervised classification was proposed considering 3 classes: circular, distorted elongated and distorted not very elongated, according to the coefficients of elliptic and circular shapes, all that allowed to identify outstanding cellular forms. To compare the results of the control and treated samples, the intervals of confidence were calculated for each of the classes, with a 95 percent level of confidence. It was concluded that the analysis of the morphological disorders in vitro can be used in early 2D cultures (24 and 48 hours) for the quantification of the angiogenesis(AU)